Astropy

Overview

Astropy is the core Python package for astronomy, providing essential functionality for astronomical research and data analysis. Use astropy for coordinate transformations, unit and quantity calculations, FITS file operations, cosmological calculations, precise time handling, tabular data manipulation, and astronomical image processing.

When to Use This Skill

Use astropy when tasks involve:

Quick Start

import astropy.units as u
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord
from astropy.time import Time
from astropy.io import fits
from astropy.table import Table
from astropy.cosmology import Planck18

# Units and quantities
distance = 100 * u.pc
distance_km = distance.to(u.km)

# Coordinates
coord = SkyCoord(ra=10.5*u.degree, dec=41.2*u.degree, frame='icrs')
coord_galactic = coord.galactic

# Time
t = Time('2023-01-15 12:30:00')
jd = t.jd  # Julian Date

# FITS files
data = fits.getdata('image.fits')
header = fits.getheader('image.fits')

# Tables
table = Table.read('catalog.fits')

# Cosmology
d_L = Planck18.luminosity_distance(z=1.0)

Core Capabilities

1. Units and Quantities (astropy.units)

Handle physical quantities with units, perform unit conversions, and ensure dimensional consistency in calculations.

Key operations:

See: references/units.md for comprehensive documentation, unit systems, equivalencies, performance optimization, and unit arithmetic.

2. Coordinate Systems (astropy.coordinates)

Represent celestial positions and transform between different coordinate frames.

Key operations:

See: references/coordinates.md for detailed coordinate frame descriptions, transformations, observer-dependent frames (AltAz), catalog matching, and performance tips.

3. Cosmological Calculations (astropy.cosmology)

Perform cosmological calculations using standard cosmological models.

Key operations:

See: references/cosmology.md for available models, distance calculations, time calculations, density parameters, and neutrino effects.

4. FITS File Handling (astropy.io.fits)

Read, write, and manipulate FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) files.

Key operations:

See: references/fits.md for comprehensive file operations, header manipulation, image and table handling, multi-extension files, and performance considerations.

5. Table Operations (astropy.table)

Work with tabular data with support for units, metadata, and various file formats.

Key operations:

See: references/tables.md for table creation, I/O operations, data manipulation, sorting, filtering, joins, grouping, and performance tips.

6. Time Handling (astropy.time)

Precise time representation and conversion between time scales and formats.

Key operations:

See: references/time.md for time formats, time scales, conversions, arithmetic, observing features, and precision handling.

7. World Coordinate System (astropy.wcs)

Transform between pixel coordinates in images and world coordinates.

Key operations:

See: references/wcs_and_other_modules.md for WCS operations and transformations.

Additional Capabilities

The references/wcs_and_other_modules.md file also covers:

NDData and CCDData

Containers for n-dimensional datasets with metadata, uncertainty, masking, and WCS information.

Modeling

Framework for creating and fitting mathematical models to astronomical data.

Visualization

Tools for astronomical image display with appropriate stretching and scaling.

Constants

Physical and astronomical constants with proper units (speed of light, solar mass, Planck constant, etc.).

Convolution

Image processing kernels for smoothing and filtering.

Statistics

Robust statistical functions including sigma clipping and outlier rejection.

Installation

# Install astropy
uv pip install astropy

# With optional dependencies for full functionality
uv pip install astropy[all]

Common Workflows

Converting Coordinates Between Systems

from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord
import astropy.units as u

# Create coordinate
c = SkyCoord(ra='05h23m34.5s', dec='-69d45m22s', frame='icrs')

# Transform to galactic
c_gal = c.galactic
print(f"l={c_gal.l.deg}, b={c_gal.b.deg}")

# Transform to alt-az (requires time and location)
from astropy.time import Time
from astropy.coordinates import EarthLocation, AltAz

observing_time = Time('2023-06-15 23:00:00')
observing_location = EarthLocation(lat=40*u.deg, lon=-120*u.deg)
aa_frame = AltAz(obstime=observing_time, location=observing_location)
c_altaz = c.transform_to(aa_frame)
print(f"Alt={c_altaz.alt.deg}, Az={c_altaz.az.deg}")

Reading and Analyzing FITS Files

from astropy.io import fits
import numpy as np

# Open FITS file
with fits.open('observation.fits') as hdul:
    # Display structure
    hdul.info()

    # Get image data and header
    data = hdul[1].data
    header = hdul[1].header

    # Access header values
    exptime = header['EXPTIME']
    filter_name = header['FILTER']

    # Analyze data
    mean = np.mean(data)
    median = np.median(data)
    print(f"Mean: {mean}, Median: {median}")

Cosmological Distance Calculations

from astropy.cosmology import Planck18
import astropy.units as u
import numpy as np

# Calculate distances at z=1.5
z = 1.5
d_L = Planck18.luminosity_distance(z)
d_A = Planck18.angular_diameter_distance(z)

print(f"Luminosity distance: {d_L}")
print(f"Angular diameter distance: {d_A}")

# Age of universe at that redshift
age = Planck18.age(z)
print(f"Age at z={z}: {age.to(u.Gyr)}")

# Lookback time
t_lookback = Planck18.lookback_time(z)
print(f"Lookback time: {t_lookback.to(u.Gyr)}")

Cross-Matching Catalogs

from astropy.table import Table
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, match_coordinates_sky
import astropy.units as u

# Read catalogs
cat1 = Table.read('catalog1.fits')
cat2 = Table.read('catalog2.fits')

# Create coordinate objects
coords1 = SkyCoord(ra=cat1['RA']*u.degree, dec=cat1['DEC']*u.degree)
coords2 = SkyCoord(ra=cat2['RA']*u.degree, dec=cat2['DEC']*u.degree)

# Find matches
idx, sep, _ = coords1.match_to_catalog_sky(coords2)

# Filter by separation threshold
max_sep = 1 * u.arcsec
matches = sep < max_sep

# Create matched catalogs
cat1_matched = cat1[matches]
cat2_matched = cat2[idx[matches]]
print(f"Found {len(cat1_matched)} matches")

Best Practices

  1. Always use units: Attach units to quantities to avoid errors and ensure dimensional consistency
  2. Use context managers for FITS files: Ensures proper file closing
  3. Prefer arrays over loops: Process multiple coordinates/times as arrays for better performance
  4. Check coordinate frames: Verify the frame before transformations
  5. Use appropriate cosmology: Choose the right cosmological model for your analysis
  6. Handle missing data: Use masked columns for tables with missing values
  7. Specify time scales: Be explicit about time scales (UTC, TT, TDB) for precise timing
  8. Use QTable for unit-aware tables: When table columns have units
  9. Check WCS validity: Verify WCS before using transformations
  10. Cache frequently used values: Expensive calculations (e.g., cosmological distances) can be cached

Documentation and Resources

Reference Files

For detailed information on specific modules:

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